Hrá futbal aj dvanásty hráč?
Does the twelfth player also play football?
Abstract
A lot of people in football – coaches, managers, players and fans – are talking, that in football exists “twelfth player”. They means that fans in stadium of course. Is is truth or only myth? “Covid season” gave a chance to see football matches without fans in all countries. We compared results of many football clubs in matches with and without fans. At first glance there were no differences. But then we chose “legendary teams” – known by the largest number of ultra fans (Liverpool FC, Galatasaray, Schalke, Celtic, Napoli…). Aaand – there were significant differences!
- Keywords
- home advantage, social support, spectators and fans, coronavirus, bootstrapping analysis
- Classification
- K80, K90
References
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Varga Marek, Rybanský Ľubomír: Hrá futbal aj dvanásty hráč? 26
Balmer, N. J., Nevill, A. M., Williams, A. M. (2003). Modelling home advantage in the Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences 21(6), 469–478.
Benz, L. S., Lopez, M. J. (2021). Estimating the change in soccer’s home advantage during the Covid-19pandemic using bivariate Poisson regression. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis.
Boyko, R. H., Boyko, A. R., Boyko, M. G. (2007). Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(11), 1185–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601038576
Bryson, A., Dolton, P., Reade, J. J., Schreyer, D., Singleton, C. (2021). Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19. Economics Letters 198. 109664
Buraimo, B., Forrest, D., Simmons, R. (2010). The 12th man?: refereeing bias in English and German soccer. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 173(2), 431–449.
Canty, A., Ripley, B. (2021). boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions. R package version 1.3-28.
Chun, S., Park, S. S. (2020). Home Advantage in Skeleton: Familiarity versus Crowd Support. Journal of Sports Economics, forthcoming.
Courneya, K. S., Carron, A. V. (1992). The home advantage in sport competitions: A literature review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 13–27.
DeVaro, J. (2006). Internal promotion competitions in firms. Rand J. Econ., 37(3), 521–542.
Dohmen, T. J., Sauermann, J. (2016). Referee bias. Journal of Economic Surveys, 30, 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12106
Durkheim, E. (1974). Individual and collective representations. Sociology and Philosophy, 1-34.
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Endrich, M., Gesche, T. (2020). Home-bias in referee decisions: Evidence from “Ghost Matches” during the Covid19-Pandemic. Economics Letters 197. 109621
Fischer, K. Haucap, J. (2021). Does Crowd Support Drive the Home Advantage in Professional Football? Evidence from German Ghost Games during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Sports Economics 0(0),15270025211026552. https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025211026552.
Jones, M. B. (2007). Home advantage in the NBA as a game-long process. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 3, 1–14.
Jung, K., Lee, J., Gupta, V., Cho, G. (2019). Comparison of bootstrap confidence interval methods for GSCA using a Monte Carlo simulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02215
McCarrick, D., Bilalic, M., Neave, N., Wolfson, S. (2021). Home advantage during the COVID-19pandemic: Analyses of European football leagues. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 56, 102013
Peeters, T., van Ours, J. C. (2021). Seasonal Home Advantage in English Professional Football;1973-2018. De Economist 169, 107–126.
Pollard, R., Gómez, M. A. (2009). Home advantage in football in South-West Europe: Long-term trends, regional variation, and team differences. European Journal of Sport Science, 9, 341–352.
Reade, J. J., Schreyer, D., Singleton, C., (2020). Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias. Economics Discussion Papers em-dp2020-25, Department of Economics, University of Reading.
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Scoppa, V. (2021). Social pressure in the stadiums: Do agents change behavior without crowd support? Journal of Economic Psychology 82, 102344.
Subak, E., Kaya, K. (2021). Home advantage and audience effect analysis of turkish super league in covid-19 season. Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine 7.
Sutter, M., Kocher, M. (2004). Favoritism of agents - The case of referees’ home bias. Journal of Economic Psychology 25(4), 461–469.
Van Geert, P., Steenbeek, H., Kunnen, S. (2012). “Monte Carlo techniques: statistical simulation for developmental data” in A Dynamical Systems Approach to Adolescent Development. ed. S. Kunnen (Hove: Psychology Press).
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York
Varga Marek, Rybanský Ľubomír: Hrá futbal aj dvanásty hráč? 26
Balmer, N. J., Nevill, A. M., Williams, A. M. (2003). Modelling home advantage in the Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences 21(6), 469–478.
Benz, L. S., Lopez, M. J. (2021). Estimating the change in soccer’s home advantage during the Covid-19pandemic using bivariate Poisson regression. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis.
Boyko, R. H., Boyko, A. R., Boyko, M. G. (2007). Referee bias contributes to home advantage in English Premiership football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(11), 1185–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601038576
Bryson, A., Dolton, P., Reade, J. J., Schreyer, D., Singleton, C. (2021). Causal effects of an absent crowd on performances and refereeing decisions during Covid-19. Economics Letters 198. 109664
Buraimo, B., Forrest, D., Simmons, R. (2010). The 12th man?: refereeing bias in English and German soccer. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 173(2), 431–449.
Canty, A., Ripley, B. (2021). boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions. R package version 1.3-28.
Chun, S., Park, S. S. (2020). Home Advantage in Skeleton: Familiarity versus Crowd Support. Journal of Sports Economics, forthcoming.
Courneya, K. S., Carron, A. V. (1992). The home advantage in sport competitions: A literature review. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14, 13–27.
DeVaro, J. (2006). Internal promotion competitions in firms. Rand J. Econ., 37(3), 521–542.
Dohmen, T. J., Sauermann, J. (2016). Referee bias. Journal of Economic Surveys, 30, 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12106
Durkheim, E. (1974). Individual and collective representations. Sociology and Philosophy, 1-34.
Efron, B. (1982). “The Jackknife, the bootstrap, and other resampling plans,” in CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics, Monograph 38(Philadelphia, PA: SIAM). doi: 10.1137/1.9781611970319
Endrich, M., Gesche, T. (2020). Home-bias in referee decisions: Evidence from “Ghost Matches” during the Covid19-Pandemic. Economics Letters 197. 109621
Fischer, K. Haucap, J. (2021). Does Crowd Support Drive the Home Advantage in Professional Football? Evidence from German Ghost Games during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Sports Economics 0(0),15270025211026552. https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025211026552.
Jones, M. B. (2007). Home advantage in the NBA as a game-long process. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 3, 1–14.
Jung, K., Lee, J., Gupta, V., Cho, G. (2019). Comparison of bootstrap confidence interval methods for GSCA using a Monte Carlo simulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02215
McCarrick, D., Bilalic, M., Neave, N., Wolfson, S. (2021). Home advantage during the COVID-19pandemic: Analyses of European football leagues. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 56, 102013
Peeters, T., van Ours, J. C. (2021). Seasonal Home Advantage in English Professional Football;1973-2018. De Economist 169, 107–126.
Pollard, R., Gómez, M. A. (2009). Home advantage in football in South-West Europe: Long-term trends, regional variation, and team differences. European Journal of Sport Science, 9, 341–352.
Reade, J. J., Schreyer, D., Singleton, C., (2020). Eliminating supportive crowds reduces referee bias. Economics Discussion Papers em-dp2020-25, Department of Economics, University of Reading.
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Scoppa, V. (2021). Social pressure in the stadiums: Do agents change behavior without crowd support? Journal of Economic Psychology 82, 102344.
Subak, E., Kaya, K. (2021). Home advantage and audience effect analysis of turkish super league in covid-19 season. Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine 7.
Sutter, M., Kocher, M. (2004). Favoritism of agents - The case of referees’ home bias. Journal of Economic Psychology 25(4), 461–469.
Van Geert, P., Steenbeek, H., Kunnen, S. (2012). “Monte Carlo techniques: statistical simulation for developmental data” in A Dynamical Systems Approach to Adolescent Development. ed. S. Kunnen (Hove: Psychology Press).
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York